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Lesson 38
Debate & Discussion
B1+

Structuringan Argument

Firstly · On the other hand · All in all — building longer turns

60 min Discussion

Your level · You are here

  1. A0/A1Beginner
  2. A1/A2Elementary
  3. A2/B1Pre-Intermediate
  4. B1/B1+Intermediate
  5. B2Upper-Intermediate
  6. C1Advanced
  7. C2Proficiency

Get Talking · Section 1

5 min

Start the conversation

reflection
Your longest answer

When did you last give a long opinion in English? How did you structure it — or did you just keep adding 'and'?

activity
The 90-second rule

Can you talk about one topic for 90 seconds without repeating yourself? Try: 'Why I chose this city to live in.'

discussion
Two sides

Pick a small everyday topic (working from home, takeaway coffee, social media). Name one good point AND one bad point.

Grammar · Section 2

8–10 min

Discourse markers for structured opinions

Quick rule

Frame → Order (firstly / secondly / on top of that) → Acknowledge other side (that said / on the other hand) → Conclude (all in all / on balance).

How it works
  • A structured opinion has FOUR stages, each signalled by discourse markers.
  • (1) FRAME the position: 'I'd say…' / 'In my view…' / 'My honest view is that…' (2) ORDER your points: 'Firstly, …' / 'Secondly, …' / 'On top of that, …' / 'Most importantly, …' (3) ACKNOWLEDGE the other side: 'That said, …' / 'On the other hand, …' / 'Of course, some people argue that…' (4) CONCLUDE: 'All in all, …' / 'On balance, …' / 'So overall…' These markers do TWO jobs: they help the LISTENER navigate, and they buy YOU time to think.
  • WARNING: don't use 'firstly' without 'secondly' (or it sounds like a forgotten list).
  • Don't say 'in conclusion' in casual speech — it sounds like an essay; say 'so overall' or 'all in all'.
When to use
  • When you have 60+ seconds to speak (interview, exam, presentation).
  • When you have two or more reasons for an opinion.
  • When you want to sound balanced rather than one-sided.
  • When you need thinking time and you don't want to fill it with 'umm'.
90-second opinion frame
FrameI'd say / In my view
→ OrderFirstly… Secondly… On top of that…
→ AcknowledgeThat said… On the other hand…
→ ConcludeAll in all… On balance…

e.g. In my view, remote work is a net positive. Firstly, it saves time. Secondly, it improves focus. That said, it isn't for everyone. All in all, it should be a choice, not a default.

Structure

Frame

In my view, …

Order

Firstly… Secondly… On top of that…

Acknowledge

That said, … / On the other hand, …

Conclude

All in all, …

In action

Firstly, working from home saves commuting time. Secondly, it gives you control over your day. On the other hand, you can feel isolated. All in all, I'd say it suits some people brilliantly and others not at all.

In my view, the city's improved a lot. That said, there are still parts that feel left behind.

Most importantly, the price is right. On top of that, the service is excellent.

Common mistake

Not this

Firstly, I like coffee. (and then no 'secondly')

Say this

I really like coffee. (no 'firstly' needed for a single point)

'Firstly' is a promise of 'secondly'. Don't open a list you don't intend to finish.

Memory tip

FOAC — Frame, Order, Acknowledge, Conclude. Run all four for any opinion longer than 30 seconds.

Natural English

In casual speech 'all in all' / 'so overall' beats 'in conclusion'. Save 'in conclusion' for written essays.

Question 1.Which is the most STRUCTURED opening to a long opinion?

Question 2.Which signals you're ACKNOWLEDGING the other side?

Question 3.Which is INAPPROPRIATE for casual speech?

Question 4.Which is the BEST use of 'firstly'?

Answer all items, then check — or reveal the answers if you're stuck.
Conversation Builder
Say it naturally

Build the sentence → spot the natural chunks → say it aloud → reply like a real conversation.

1.Rebuild the sentence — then say it aloud.

Step 1 · Build
Tap words below to build the sentence…

2.Rebuild the sentence — then say it aloud.

Step 1 · Build
Tap words below to build the sentence…

3.Rebuild the sentence — then say it aloud.

Step 1 · Build
Tap words below to build the sentence…

4.Rebuild the sentence — then say it aloud.

Step 1 · Build
Tap words below to build the sentence…

Quick check 1.You're going to give two reasons. The best opener is:

Answer all items, then check — or reveal the answers if you're stuck.

Vocabulary · Section 3

5–7 min

Words & phrases to learn

1

In my view

soft, structured opinion frame

In context

"In my view, the rules need updating."

Now try it yourself

Open three opinions with 'In my view'.

2

Firstly / Secondly

ordered points in a longer answer

In context

"Firstly, it's cheaper. Secondly, it's faster."

Now try it yourself

Give your teacher a two-point answer using firstly / secondly.

3

On top of that

add another supporting point

In context

"It's well-paid. On top of that, the team is great."

Now try it yourself

Add a third reason to one of your opinions with 'on top of that'.

4

Most importantly

flag the strongest point

In context

"It's flexible, cheap, and — most importantly — it actually works."

Now try it yourself

Make a three-point opinion and use 'most importantly' for your strongest.

5

On the other hand

introduce the opposing view

In context

"It's convenient. On the other hand, it's not very healthy."

Now try it yourself

Take any positive opinion and add 'on the other hand'.

6

That said

soften / introduce a caveat

In context

"I love the city. That said, I couldn't live here forever."

Now try it yourself

Use 'that said' to add a caveat to a strong opinion.

7

All in all / On balance

conclude a balanced opinion

In context

"All in all, it was a good year — not perfect, but good."

Now try it yourself

Finish a discussion with 'all in all' or 'on balance'.

8

To put it simply

summarise your point

In context

"To put it simply, the rules don't fit modern life."

Now try it yourself

Take a complex opinion and simplify it with 'to put it simply'.

Make it yours
Use the new words

Pick at least three words from above and use each one in a sentence about your real life. Say each one aloud before you write.

Quick exchange

Ask your teacher (or a partner) a question that uses one of today's words. They reply using a different word.

Ranking

Rank today's words from most to least useful for you this week. Defend your top choice.

Opinion

Finish: "Honestly, I'd say…" using one of today's words.

Tip: aim to reuse at least two of these words later in the Speaking and Writing tasks.

Matching
Match each phrase to its function in a structured opinion.

Tap an item on the left, then tap its match on the right.

Answer all items, then check — or reveal the answers if you're stuck.
Categorise
Sort by stage of the opinion.
Answer all items, then check — or reveal the answers if you're stuck.

Pronunciation · Section 4

3–4 min

Pausing after discourse markers + 'rise-fall' in lists

Discourse markers come with a SMALL PAUSE after them, signalled in writing by the comma: 'Firstly, ↓ …'. The pause is short (about 0.3s) but real — it tells the listener 'a new chunk is starting'. In lists, the items rise until the last, which falls: 'Firstly↗, secondly↗, and most importantly↘…'. The frame 'In my view,' should be said as one rhythmic unit, with stress on VIEW: 'In my VIEW,↓ …'. Don't run discourse markers into the next sentence — that's what makes long answers sound rambly.

  • In my VIEW,↓ there are THREE reasons for this.↘
  • FIRSTly,↗ it's CHEAper. SECondly,↗ it's FASter. MOST importantly,↘ it WORKS.
  • On the OTHer HAND,↓ it can feel isOLATing.↘
  • ALL in ALL,↓ I'd say it's WORTH TRYing.↘

Reading · Section 5

8–10 min

The 90-second opinion

There's a moment in every English-language interview, exam or panel discussion where the speaker realises they're not finished after one sentence. They paused expecting agreement, and the silence kept going. Now they have to keep talking — and they don't have a structure.

The difference between a B1 answer and a B2 answer isn't usually vocabulary; it's organisation. A B1 speaker offers a sentence and stops. A B2 speaker offers a frame, two or three ordered reasons, an acknowledgement of the other side, and a brief conclusion. The whole thing might take 90 seconds and the vocabulary might be identical — but it sounds like a thought rather than a reaction.

The four-part frame (Frame, Order, Acknowledge, Conclude) isn't a trick; it's how educated native speakers actually talk when given the floor. You can hear it in every well-edited podcast: 'My honest view is that flexible working has been a net positive. Firstly, it's given people back time they used to lose to commuting. Secondly, it's forced managers to focus on output rather than presence. That said, it's been harder for people who live alone or who joined a company recently. On balance, though, I'd say it should be a choice, not a default.'

Notice what the speaker didn't do: didn't repeat themselves, didn't say 'and… and… and', didn't end on a vague 'so yeah'. The discourse markers did the work — and the same speaker could deliver the same opinion in a second language, in the same structure, if they trained the habit.

The weekly practice is brutal but effective: pick a topic, set a timer for 90 seconds, and force yourself through all four stages out loud. Most learners can't do it on the first try. By the fifth try, they sound like a different speaker.

Question 1.What does the text say is the main difference between a B1 and a B2 speaker's answer?

Question 2.According to the text, what does a well-structured long answer include?

Question 3.Why does the text say discourse markers 'do two jobs'?

Question 4.What does the text imply about the vocabulary gap between B1 and B2 speakers?

Answer all items, then check — or reveal the answers if you're stuck.
True / False
Decide if each statement is True or False

Q1.The text claims structure matters more than vocabulary at this level.

Q2.The text says you should repeat yourself for emphasis.

Answer all items, then check — or reveal the answers if you're stuck.

Listening · Section 6

8–10 min

A podcast-style two-minute opinion on smartphones in schools

Listening audio

Tap play to listen. Replay as many times as you need.

Show transcript

Host:So, smartphones in schools — banned, allowed, or somewhere in between? Marcus, your view?

Marcus:In my view, banning them outright is the right call, and I'd say it for three reasons.

Marcus:Firstly, the evidence on attention is now pretty clear — even having a phone face-down on the desk reduces focus. Secondly, removing them removes a major source of social bullying that follows kids home through DMs. Most importantly, it gives kids back the experience of being bored — which is where curiosity and creativity actually come from.

Marcus:On the other hand, I do see the parent-safety argument — people want to be able to reach their child in an emergency. That said, schools have managed emergencies fine for a century without every child having a phone, and there are workarounds.

Marcus:All in all, on balance, I'd say a clear daytime ban — with the phones handed in at the door, not just turned off — is the policy with the strongest case.

Host:Priya, you've spent ten years in classrooms. Same question.

Priya:My honest view is that the policy matters less than the consistency. Firstly, when half the school enforces a rule and half don't, the rule fails. Secondly, kids respect a clear policy faster than a vague one — even one they disagree with. On top of that, parents need to be brought along, because every ban falls apart at the school gate if parents undermine it.

Priya:That said, I agree with Marcus on the core point. The boredom thing is real. We've raised a generation who've never queued at a bus stop without scrolling, and it shows in how they sit with their own thoughts.

Priya:On balance, I'd say: ban them during the school day, hand them in at reception, get parents to sign the policy. The rule itself is half the work — the rest is everyone holding the line.

Question 1.What is Marcus's 'most importantly' reason for banning smartphones from schools?

Question 2.What does Priya say matters more than the specific phone policy itself?

Question 3.What counter-argument does Marcus acknowledge before defending the ban?

Question 4.What does Priya's agreement with Marcus about 'boredom' suggest about the two speakers' positions overall?

Answer all items, then check — or reveal the answers if you're stuck.
Tick what you hear
Tick the discourse markers you hear.
Answer all items, then check — or reveal the answers if you're stuck.

Exam tip · Section 7

5 min

Speaking — Cambridge B2 First Part 4 / IELTS Part 3 (extended discussion)

Task

Speak for 90 seconds on a discussion question. You MUST hit all four stages (Frame, Order, Acknowledge, Conclude) and use at least 5 discourse markers from this lesson.

Strategy

Examiners specifically score 'discourse management' as a separate criterion. (1) ALWAYS open with a frame ('I'd say…' / 'In my view…') — never start a long answer with 'Yes' alone. (2) Order with 'firstly / secondly' — even two reasons sounds organised. (3) ALWAYS acknowledge the other side ('That said…' / 'Of course, some argue…') — this single move pushes most learners from C1 5 to a 7. (4) Conclude explicitly with 'All in all…' / 'On balance…' — don't drift to silence. (5) Don't pad with 'and… and…' between markers — pause briefly instead.

Example

In my view, working a four-day week would be a net positive, and I'd say that for two main reasons. Firstly, the evidence from the pilot schemes suggests productivity holds steady or even rises, because tired people make worse decisions. Secondly, it gives people the chance to do unpaid life-work — childcare, eldercare, study — that currently squeezes into evenings and weekends. On top of that, the climate gains from a quieter Friday are not trivial. That said, I do see the argument from sectors that can't shrink hours easily — healthcare, hospitality, schools — where a four-day week would need real structural redesign, not just a calendar change. All in all, on balance, I'd say the policy should be piloted broadly with sector-specific carve-outs, rather than rolled out flat across the economy.

Practice · Section 8

8–10 min

Fill in the blank

Question 1.____ my view, the policy is overdue.

Question 2.Firstly, it's cheaper. ____, it's faster.

Question 3.____ the other hand, it can feel isolating.

Question 4.____ in all, I'd say it's worth trying.

Question 5.It's cheap, fast, and ____ importantly — it works.

Answer all items, then check — or reveal the answers if you're stuck.
Sentence transformation
Say it naturally

There isn't one "right" answer — write a natural version, then compare with the model.

Q1.Open a long opinion using a frame phrase.

Q2.Add a second reason to a previous point.

Q3.Acknowledge the other side.

Q4.Conclude a balanced opinion.

Answer all items, then check — or reveal the answers if you're stuck.

Writing · Section 9

5 min

Put it in writing

Your task

Write a 150–180 word opinion piece on 'Should city centres ban cars?'. Use all FOUR stages (Frame, Order, Acknowledge, Conclude) and at least 6 lesson discourse markers. Use 'firstly' only if 'secondly' follows; conclude with 'all in all' or 'on balance'.

Your answer

Your work saves automatically

0 words

Show model answer

In my view, city centres should phase out private cars rather than ban them outright — and I'd say that for several reasons. Firstly, the case on air quality is now overwhelming: every major city that has reduced car traffic has measured immediate improvements in respiratory health. Secondly, freeing up the road space transforms what a city centre is FOR — Paris, Oslo and Pontevedra have all shown that pedestrianised streets generate more, not less, retail footfall. On top of that, the climate maths simply doesn't work without serious changes to urban transport. That said, I can see the legitimate concerns from disabled residents, small businesses dependent on deliveries, and people who live in poorly-served public transport zones. A blanket ban without exceptions would be unjust. All in all, on balance, I'd say a phased ban with clear carve-outs for accessibility, deliveries and emergency vehicles is the right policy. To put it simply, the question isn't whether to do it, but how to do it without leaving anyone behind.

Speaking · Section 10

10–15 min

Make it a real conversation

Role-play 'The 90-second opinion'. Your teacher (or partner) gives you a topic (working from home, social media in schools, free public transport, a four-day week). You speak for 90 seconds — no more, no less — hitting all four stages. Use 5 discourse markers. Partner gives feedback: did you frame? order? acknowledge? conclude?

Useful phrases

  • In my view, …
  • Firstly… Secondly… Most importantly…
  • On the other hand / That said, …
  • All in all / On balance, …
  • To put it simply, …

Speaking reflection & notes

Your work saves automatically

0 words

Dialogue completion
Choose the most natural reply.
  • AWhat do you think — should we be working from home or in the office?
  • B_______________
  • ASure — anything else?
  • B_______________
  • AAnd the downsides?
  • B_______________
Answer all items, then check — or reveal the answers if you're stuck.

Homework · Section 11

Take-home

Take it home

speaking

Pick 3 topics from the news. Speak for 90 seconds on each using all four stages. Record yourself; count discourse markers.

listening

Watch a 5-minute talk-show clip. Transcribe one panellist's longest turn and mark the discourse markers.

writing

Write a 150-word opinion piece using the four-stage frame. Underline each discourse marker.

Homework notes

Your work saves automatically

0 words

Recap · Section 12

2–3 min

What you've learned

  • Four stages: Frame → Order → Acknowledge → Conclude.
  • Don't use 'firstly' without 'secondly'.
  • 'On the other hand' / 'That said' is the move that pushes B1 → B2.
  • Save 'in conclusion' for written essays; speak 'all in all' / 'on balance'.
  • Discourse markers buy you thinking time AND help the listener navigate.