Structuringan Argument
Firstly · On the other hand · All in all — building longer turns
Your level · You are here
Get Talking · Section 1
5 minStart the conversation
When did you last give a long opinion in English? How did you structure it — or did you just keep adding 'and'?
Can you talk about one topic for 90 seconds without repeating yourself? Try: 'Why I chose this city to live in.'
Pick a small everyday topic (working from home, takeaway coffee, social media). Name one good point AND one bad point.
Grammar · Section 2
8–10 minDiscourse markers for structured opinions
Frame → Order (firstly / secondly / on top of that) → Acknowledge other side (that said / on the other hand) → Conclude (all in all / on balance).
- A structured opinion has FOUR stages, each signalled by discourse markers.
- (1) FRAME the position: 'I'd say…' / 'In my view…' / 'My honest view is that…' (2) ORDER your points: 'Firstly, …' / 'Secondly, …' / 'On top of that, …' / 'Most importantly, …' (3) ACKNOWLEDGE the other side: 'That said, …' / 'On the other hand, …' / 'Of course, some people argue that…' (4) CONCLUDE: 'All in all, …' / 'On balance, …' / 'So overall…' These markers do TWO jobs: they help the LISTENER navigate, and they buy YOU time to think.
- WARNING: don't use 'firstly' without 'secondly' (or it sounds like a forgotten list).
- Don't say 'in conclusion' in casual speech — it sounds like an essay; say 'so overall' or 'all in all'.
- When you have 60+ seconds to speak (interview, exam, presentation).
- When you have two or more reasons for an opinion.
- When you want to sound balanced rather than one-sided.
- When you need thinking time and you don't want to fill it with 'umm'.
e.g. In my view, remote work is a net positive. Firstly, it saves time. Secondly, it improves focus. That said, it isn't for everyone. All in all, it should be a choice, not a default.
Frame
In my view, …
Order
Firstly… Secondly… On top of that…
Acknowledge
That said, … / On the other hand, …
Conclude
All in all, …
Firstly, working from home saves commuting time. Secondly, it gives you control over your day. On the other hand, you can feel isolated. All in all, I'd say it suits some people brilliantly and others not at all.
In my view, the city's improved a lot. That said, there are still parts that feel left behind.
Most importantly, the price is right. On top of that, the service is excellent.
Not this
Firstly, I like coffee. (and then no 'secondly')
Say this
I really like coffee. (no 'firstly' needed for a single point)
'Firstly' is a promise of 'secondly'. Don't open a list you don't intend to finish.
Memory tip
FOAC — Frame, Order, Acknowledge, Conclude. Run all four for any opinion longer than 30 seconds.
Natural English
In casual speech 'all in all' / 'so overall' beats 'in conclusion'. Save 'in conclusion' for written essays.
Question 1.Which is the most STRUCTURED opening to a long opinion?
Question 2.Which signals you're ACKNOWLEDGING the other side?
Question 3.Which is INAPPROPRIATE for casual speech?
Question 4.Which is the BEST use of 'firstly'?
Build the sentence → spot the natural chunks → say it aloud → reply like a real conversation.
1.Rebuild the sentence — then say it aloud.
2.Rebuild the sentence — then say it aloud.
3.Rebuild the sentence — then say it aloud.
4.Rebuild the sentence — then say it aloud.
Quick check 1.You're going to give two reasons. The best opener is:
Vocabulary · Section 3
5–7 minWords & phrases to learn
In my view
soft, structured opinion frame
In context
"In my view, the rules need updating."
Now try it yourself
Open three opinions with 'In my view'.
Firstly / Secondly
ordered points in a longer answer
In context
"Firstly, it's cheaper. Secondly, it's faster."
Now try it yourself
Give your teacher a two-point answer using firstly / secondly.
On top of that
add another supporting point
In context
"It's well-paid. On top of that, the team is great."
Now try it yourself
Add a third reason to one of your opinions with 'on top of that'.
Most importantly
flag the strongest point
In context
"It's flexible, cheap, and — most importantly — it actually works."
Now try it yourself
Make a three-point opinion and use 'most importantly' for your strongest.
On the other hand
introduce the opposing view
In context
"It's convenient. On the other hand, it's not very healthy."
Now try it yourself
Take any positive opinion and add 'on the other hand'.
That said
soften / introduce a caveat
In context
"I love the city. That said, I couldn't live here forever."
Now try it yourself
Use 'that said' to add a caveat to a strong opinion.
All in all / On balance
conclude a balanced opinion
In context
"All in all, it was a good year — not perfect, but good."
Now try it yourself
Finish a discussion with 'all in all' or 'on balance'.
To put it simply
summarise your point
In context
"To put it simply, the rules don't fit modern life."
Now try it yourself
Take a complex opinion and simplify it with 'to put it simply'.
Pick at least three words from above and use each one in a sentence about your real life. Say each one aloud before you write.
Ask your teacher (or a partner) a question that uses one of today's words. They reply using a different word.
Rank today's words from most to least useful for you this week. Defend your top choice.
Finish: "Honestly, I'd say…" using one of today's words.
Tip: aim to reuse at least two of these words later in the Speaking and Writing tasks.
Tap an item on the left, then tap its match on the right.
Pronunciation · Section 4
3–4 minPausing after discourse markers + 'rise-fall' in lists
Discourse markers come with a SMALL PAUSE after them, signalled in writing by the comma: 'Firstly, ↓ …'. The pause is short (about 0.3s) but real — it tells the listener 'a new chunk is starting'. In lists, the items rise until the last, which falls: 'Firstly↗, secondly↗, and most importantly↘…'. The frame 'In my view,' should be said as one rhythmic unit, with stress on VIEW: 'In my VIEW,↓ …'. Don't run discourse markers into the next sentence — that's what makes long answers sound rambly.
- • In my VIEW,↓ there are THREE reasons for this.↘
- • FIRSTly,↗ it's CHEAper. SECondly,↗ it's FASter. MOST importantly,↘ it WORKS.
- • On the OTHer HAND,↓ it can feel isOLATing.↘
- • ALL in ALL,↓ I'd say it's WORTH TRYing.↘
Reading · Section 5
8–10 minThe 90-second opinion
There's a moment in every English-language interview, exam or panel discussion where the speaker realises they're not finished after one sentence. They paused expecting agreement, and the silence kept going. Now they have to keep talking — and they don't have a structure.
The difference between a B1 answer and a B2 answer isn't usually vocabulary; it's organisation. A B1 speaker offers a sentence and stops. A B2 speaker offers a frame, two or three ordered reasons, an acknowledgement of the other side, and a brief conclusion. The whole thing might take 90 seconds and the vocabulary might be identical — but it sounds like a thought rather than a reaction.
The four-part frame (Frame, Order, Acknowledge, Conclude) isn't a trick; it's how educated native speakers actually talk when given the floor. You can hear it in every well-edited podcast: 'My honest view is that flexible working has been a net positive. Firstly, it's given people back time they used to lose to commuting. Secondly, it's forced managers to focus on output rather than presence. That said, it's been harder for people who live alone or who joined a company recently. On balance, though, I'd say it should be a choice, not a default.'
Notice what the speaker didn't do: didn't repeat themselves, didn't say 'and… and… and', didn't end on a vague 'so yeah'. The discourse markers did the work — and the same speaker could deliver the same opinion in a second language, in the same structure, if they trained the habit.
The weekly practice is brutal but effective: pick a topic, set a timer for 90 seconds, and force yourself through all four stages out loud. Most learners can't do it on the first try. By the fifth try, they sound like a different speaker.
Question 1.What does the text say is the main difference between a B1 and a B2 speaker's answer?
Question 2.According to the text, what does a well-structured long answer include?
Question 3.Why does the text say discourse markers 'do two jobs'?
Question 4.What does the text imply about the vocabulary gap between B1 and B2 speakers?
Q1.The text claims structure matters more than vocabulary at this level.
Q2.The text says you should repeat yourself for emphasis.
Listening · Section 6
8–10 minA podcast-style two-minute opinion on smartphones in schools
Listening audio
Tap play to listen. Replay as many times as you need.
Show transcript
Host:So, smartphones in schools — banned, allowed, or somewhere in between? Marcus, your view?
Marcus:In my view, banning them outright is the right call, and I'd say it for three reasons.
Marcus:Firstly, the evidence on attention is now pretty clear — even having a phone face-down on the desk reduces focus. Secondly, removing them removes a major source of social bullying that follows kids home through DMs. Most importantly, it gives kids back the experience of being bored — which is where curiosity and creativity actually come from.
Marcus:On the other hand, I do see the parent-safety argument — people want to be able to reach their child in an emergency. That said, schools have managed emergencies fine for a century without every child having a phone, and there are workarounds.
Marcus:All in all, on balance, I'd say a clear daytime ban — with the phones handed in at the door, not just turned off — is the policy with the strongest case.
Host:Priya, you've spent ten years in classrooms. Same question.
Priya:My honest view is that the policy matters less than the consistency. Firstly, when half the school enforces a rule and half don't, the rule fails. Secondly, kids respect a clear policy faster than a vague one — even one they disagree with. On top of that, parents need to be brought along, because every ban falls apart at the school gate if parents undermine it.
Priya:That said, I agree with Marcus on the core point. The boredom thing is real. We've raised a generation who've never queued at a bus stop without scrolling, and it shows in how they sit with their own thoughts.
Priya:On balance, I'd say: ban them during the school day, hand them in at reception, get parents to sign the policy. The rule itself is half the work — the rest is everyone holding the line.
Question 1.What is Marcus's 'most importantly' reason for banning smartphones from schools?
Question 2.What does Priya say matters more than the specific phone policy itself?
Question 3.What counter-argument does Marcus acknowledge before defending the ban?
Question 4.What does Priya's agreement with Marcus about 'boredom' suggest about the two speakers' positions overall?
Exam tip · Section 7
5 minSpeaking — Cambridge B2 First Part 4 / IELTS Part 3 (extended discussion)
Task
Speak for 90 seconds on a discussion question. You MUST hit all four stages (Frame, Order, Acknowledge, Conclude) and use at least 5 discourse markers from this lesson.
Strategy
Examiners specifically score 'discourse management' as a separate criterion. (1) ALWAYS open with a frame ('I'd say…' / 'In my view…') — never start a long answer with 'Yes' alone. (2) Order with 'firstly / secondly' — even two reasons sounds organised. (3) ALWAYS acknowledge the other side ('That said…' / 'Of course, some argue…') — this single move pushes most learners from C1 5 to a 7. (4) Conclude explicitly with 'All in all…' / 'On balance…' — don't drift to silence. (5) Don't pad with 'and… and…' between markers — pause briefly instead.
Example
In my view, working a four-day week would be a net positive, and I'd say that for two main reasons. Firstly, the evidence from the pilot schemes suggests productivity holds steady or even rises, because tired people make worse decisions. Secondly, it gives people the chance to do unpaid life-work — childcare, eldercare, study — that currently squeezes into evenings and weekends. On top of that, the climate gains from a quieter Friday are not trivial. That said, I do see the argument from sectors that can't shrink hours easily — healthcare, hospitality, schools — where a four-day week would need real structural redesign, not just a calendar change. All in all, on balance, I'd say the policy should be piloted broadly with sector-specific carve-outs, rather than rolled out flat across the economy.
Practice · Section 8
8–10 minFill in the blank
Question 1.____ my view, the policy is overdue.
Question 2.Firstly, it's cheaper. ____, it's faster.
Question 3.____ the other hand, it can feel isolating.
Question 4.____ in all, I'd say it's worth trying.
Question 5.It's cheap, fast, and ____ importantly — it works.
There isn't one "right" answer — write a natural version, then compare with the model.
Q1.Open a long opinion using a frame phrase.
Q2.Add a second reason to a previous point.
Q3.Acknowledge the other side.
Q4.Conclude a balanced opinion.
Writing · Section 9
5 minPut it in writing
Your task
Write a 150–180 word opinion piece on 'Should city centres ban cars?'. Use all FOUR stages (Frame, Order, Acknowledge, Conclude) and at least 6 lesson discourse markers. Use 'firstly' only if 'secondly' follows; conclude with 'all in all' or 'on balance'.
Your answer
Your work saves automatically0 words
Show model answer
In my view, city centres should phase out private cars rather than ban them outright — and I'd say that for several reasons. Firstly, the case on air quality is now overwhelming: every major city that has reduced car traffic has measured immediate improvements in respiratory health. Secondly, freeing up the road space transforms what a city centre is FOR — Paris, Oslo and Pontevedra have all shown that pedestrianised streets generate more, not less, retail footfall. On top of that, the climate maths simply doesn't work without serious changes to urban transport. That said, I can see the legitimate concerns from disabled residents, small businesses dependent on deliveries, and people who live in poorly-served public transport zones. A blanket ban without exceptions would be unjust. All in all, on balance, I'd say a phased ban with clear carve-outs for accessibility, deliveries and emergency vehicles is the right policy. To put it simply, the question isn't whether to do it, but how to do it without leaving anyone behind.
Speaking · Section 10
10–15 minMake it a real conversation
Role-play 'The 90-second opinion'. Your teacher (or partner) gives you a topic (working from home, social media in schools, free public transport, a four-day week). You speak for 90 seconds — no more, no less — hitting all four stages. Use 5 discourse markers. Partner gives feedback: did you frame? order? acknowledge? conclude?
Useful phrases
- • In my view, …
- • Firstly… Secondly… Most importantly…
- • On the other hand / That said, …
- • All in all / On balance, …
- • To put it simply, …
Speaking reflection & notes
Your work saves automatically0 words
- AWhat do you think — should we be working from home or in the office?
- B_______________
- ASure — anything else?
- B_______________
- AAnd the downsides?
- B_______________
Homework · Section 11
Take-homeTake it home
Pick 3 topics from the news. Speak for 90 seconds on each using all four stages. Record yourself; count discourse markers.
Watch a 5-minute talk-show clip. Transcribe one panellist's longest turn and mark the discourse markers.
Write a 150-word opinion piece using the four-stage frame. Underline each discourse marker.
Homework notes
Your work saves automatically0 words
Recap · Section 12
2–3 minWhat you've learned
- Four stages: Frame → Order → Acknowledge → Conclude.
- Don't use 'firstly' without 'secondly'.
- 'On the other hand' / 'That said' is the move that pushes B1 → B2.
- Save 'in conclusion' for written essays; speak 'all in all' / 'on balance'.
- Discourse markers buy you thinking time AND help the listener navigate.
